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The Villa of the Papyri ((イタリア語:Villa dei Papiri), also known as ''Villa dei Pisoni'') is a private house in the ancient Roman city of Herculaneum (current commune of Ercolano, southern Italy).〔Maiuri, Amedeo. ''Herculaneum and the Villa of the Papyri.'' Italy (1974): 35-39.〕 Situated north-west of the township, the residence sits halfway up the slope of the volcano Vesuvius without other buildings to obstruct the view.〔 The ''villa suburbana'' was perhaps owned by Julius Caesar's father-in-law, Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus.〔Hornblower, Simon and Antony Spawforth. ''Oxford Classical Dictionary''. 3rd ed. New York (1996).〕 In AD 79, the eruption of Vesuvius covered all of Herculaneum with some 30 m of volcanic ash. Its remains were first excavated in the years between 1750 and 1765 by Karl Weber by means of underground tunnels. Its name derives from the discovery of its library, the only surviving library from antiquity that exists in its entirety.〔http://www.napoleon.org/en/magazine/interviews/files/476891.asp#informations〕 It had contained over 1,800 carbonized papyrus scrolls, the "Herculaneum papyri". ==Ground plan and works of art== The villa's front stretched for more than 250 meters, parallel to the coastline of what is now called the Gulf of Naples. It was also surrounded by a garden closed off by porticoes, but with an ample stretch of vegetable gardens, vineyards and woods down to a small harbor. Sited a few hundred metres from the nearest house in Herculaneum, Piso's home had four levels disposed in a series of terraces on the sloping site, and was one of the most luxurious houses in all of Herculaneum and Pompeii. The villa also housed a collection of 80 sculptures of magnificent quality, many now conserved in the rooms of the large bronzes at the Naples National Archaeological Museum.〔 Among them is the bronze ''Seated Hermes'', found at the villa in 1758. The villa remains faithful in its general layout to the fundamental structural and architectural scheme of the suburban villa in the country around Pompeii. The atrium functioned as an entrance hall and a means of communication with the various parts of the house. The entrance opened with a columned portico on the sea side. Around the bowl of the atrium impluvium were 11 fountain statues depicting Satyrs pouring water from a pitcher and Amorini pouring water from the mouth of a dolphin. Other statues and busts were found in the corners around the atrium walls.〔 The first peristyle had 10 columns on each side and a swimming bath in the center. In this enclosure were found the bronze herma of Doryphorus, a replica of Polykleitos' athlete, and the herma of an Amazon made by Apollonios son of Archias of Athens.〔Stewart, Andrew. ''Greek Sculpture''. Yale University Press (1990).〕 The large second peristyle could be reached by passing through a large tablinum in which, under a propylaeum, was the archaic statue of Athena Promachos. A collection of bronze busts were in the interior of the tablinum. These included the head of Scipio Africanus.〔 The real living and reception quarters were grouped around the porticoes and terraces, giving occupants ample sunlight and a view of the countryside and sea. In the living quarters, bath installations were brought to light, and the library of rolled and carbonized papyri placed inside wooden ''capsae'', some of them on ordinary wooden shelves and around the walls and some on the two sides of a set of shelves in the middle of the room.〔 The grounds included a large area of covered and uncovered gardens for walks in the shade or in the warmth of the sun. The gardens included a gallery of busts, hermae and small marble and bronze statues. These were laid out between columns amid the open part of the garden and on the edges of the large swimming bath.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Villa of the Papyri」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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